Evolutionary Tournament-Based Comparison of Learning and Non-Learning Algorithms for Iterated Games

Evolutionary tournaments have been used effectively as a tool for comparing game-playing algorithms. For instance, in the late 1970's, Axelrod organized tournaments to compare algorithms for playing the iterated prisoner's dilemma (PD) game. These tournaments capture the dynamics in a population of agents that periodically adopt relatively successful algorithms in the environment. While these tournaments have provided us with a better understanding of the relative merits of algorithms for iterated PD, our understanding is less clear about algorithms for playing iterated versions of arbitrary single-stage games in an environment of heterogeneous agents. While the Nash equilibrium solution concept has been used to recommend using Nash equilibrium strategies for rational players playing general-sum games, learning algorithms like fictitious play may be preferred for playing against sub-rational players. In this paper, we study the relative performance of learning and non-learning algorithms in an evolutionary tournament where agents periodically adopt relatively successful algorithms in the population. The tournament is played over a testbed composed of all possible structurally distinct 2×2 conflicted games with ordinal payoffs: a baseline, neutral testbed for comparing algorithms. Before analyzing results from the evolutionary tournament, we discuss the testbed, our choice of representative learning and non-learning algorithms and relative rankings of these algorithms in a round-robin competition. The results from the tournament highlight the advantage of learning algorithms over players using static equilibrium strategies for repeated plays of arbitrary single-stage games. The results are likely to be of more benefit compared to work on static analysis of equilibrium strategies for choosing decision procedures for open, adapting agent society consisting of a variety of competitors.Repeated Games, Evolution, Simulation

A genetic prototype learner

Supervised classification problems have received considerable attention from the machine learning community. We propose a novel genetic algorithm based prototype learning system, PLEASE, for this class of problems. Given a set of prototypes for each of the possible classes, the class of an input instance is determined by the prototype nearest to this instance. We assume ordinal attributes and prototypes are represented as sets of feature-value pairs. A genetic algorithm is used to evolve the number of prototypes per class and their positions on the input space as determined by corresponding feature-value pairs. Comparisons with C4.5 on a set of artificial problems of controlled complexity demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Higher order two-mode and multi-mode entanglement in Raman processes

The existence of higher order entanglement in the stimulated and spontaneous Raman processes is established using the perturbative solutions of the Heisenberg equations of motion for various field modes that are obtained using the Sen-Mandal technique and a fully quantum mechanical Hamiltonian that describes the stimulated and spontaneous Raman processes. Specifically, the perturbative Sen-Mandal solutions are exploited here to show the signature of the higher order two-mode and multi-mode entanglement. In some special cases, we have also observed higher order entanglement in the partially spontaneous Raman processes. Further, it is shown that the depth of the nonclassicality indicators (parameters) can be manipulated by the specific choice of coupling constants, and it is observed that the depth of nonclassicality parameters increases with the order.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1301.028

In-Vitro Incompatibility Study of Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide by Spectroscopic and RP-HPLC Method

The present investigation was based on an in-vitro incompatibility study between valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide by spectroscopic and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods. The method was developed and validated by UltraViolet-Spectroscopic (UV-Spectroscopic) method using water and methanol (4:1) as the solvent. The RP-HPLC study was carried out using Acetonitrile, methanol, and 50Mm phosphate buffer (20:50:30%) adjusted to pH-3 with orthophosphoric acid. The methods showed linearity at the concentration range of 1-5μg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.9994 for valsartan and 0.9978 for hydrochlorothiazide in the method and 5-25 μg/ml in. Both the methods were shown a percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) values less than 2. The in-vitro incompatibility study was carried out by  UV-Spectroscopic and RP-HPLC methods. The result of the study shown that there is a change in the concentration level of both drugs in combination. The structure of the interacting compound was determined by spectral analysis using IR, 1HNMR and LC-MS study. The spectral analysis confirmed the formation of the new complex between valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide. The result obtained from the LC-MS study also correlates the reason behind an increase in the concentration of valsartan and decreases the concentration of hydrochlorothiazide during recovery study by spectroscopic and RP-HPLC method

Intermodal entanglement in Raman processes

The operator solution of a completely quantum mechanical Hamiltonian of the Raman processes is used here to investigate the possibility of obtaining intermodal entanglement between different modes involved in the Raman processes (e.g. pump mode, Stokes mode, vibration (phonon) mode and anti-Stokes mode). Intermodal entanglement is reported between a) pump mode and anti-Stokes mode, b) pump mode and vibration (phonon) mode c) Stokes mode and vibration phonon mode, d) Stokes mode and anti-stokes mode in the stimulated Raman processes for the variation of the phase angle of complex eigenvalue $\alpha_{1}$ of pump mode $a$. Some incidents of intermodal entanglement in the spontaneous and the partially spontaneous Raman processes are also reported. Further it is shown that the specific choice of coupling constants may produce genuine entanglement among Stokes mode, anti-Stokes mode and vibration-phonon mode. It is also shown that the two mode entanglement not identified by Duan's criterion may be identified by Hillery-Zubairy criteria. It is further shown that intermodal entanglement, intermodal antibunching and intermodal squeezing are independent phenomena.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure